一、认识山梨酸钾​

1、 Get to know potassium sorbate

山梨酸钾，又名 2，4 - 己二烯酸钾，是山梨酸的钾盐，分子式为 C₆H₇O₂K 。从外观上看，它是无色或类白色鳞片状或颗粒状结晶，也可能呈现为结晶性粉末，无臭或者稍有臭味。山梨酸钾易溶于水，在乙醇中微溶，不过在空气中不太稳定，容易被氧化从而发生着色现象，还具有一定的吸湿性。​

Potassium sorbate, also known as potassium 2,4-hexadienate, is the potassium salt of sorbic acid with the molecular formula C ₆ H ₇ O ₂ K. From the appearance, it appears as colorless or off white flaky or granular crystals, or as crystalline powder, odorless or slightly odorous. Potassium sorbate is easily soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol, but it is not very stable in air and is prone to oxidation, resulting in coloring. It also has a certain degree of hygroscopicity. ​

从化学结构来看，其分子中羧基的 α、β 位和 γ、δ 位存在两个双键，这两个双键会产生共轭作用。其中，远离羧基的双键易发生氧化，同时分子中的两个双键也容易与其他游离基结合。当它与食品中的微生物酶系统里的巯基结合时，能够破坏酶系，进而达到抑制微生物繁殖以及防腐的目的。​

From a chemical structure perspective, there are two double bonds at the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta positions of the carboxyl group in its molecule, which undergo conjugation. Among them, the double bonds far from the carboxyl group are prone to oxidation, and the two double bonds in the molecule are also prone to binding with other free radicals. When it binds with thiol groups in the microbial enzyme system of food, it can destroy the enzyme system, thereby achieving the purpose of inhibiting microbial reproduction and preservation. ​

二、山梨酸钾的抑菌机制​

2、 The antibacterial mechanism of potassium sorbate

山梨酸钾及其溶于水生成的山梨酸具有相同的抑菌机制，都是通过与霉菌、酵母菌酶系统中的巯基相结合，从而达到抑菌效果。但需要注意的是，它对厌氧芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌并没有抑制作用。山梨酸属于直链不饱和脂肪酸，它能够参与人体内正常的代谢过程，并被同化产生二氧化碳和水，几乎对人体没有毒性，相较于苯甲酸等其他防腐剂而言，安全性更高。​

Potassium sorbate and its water-soluble form of sorbic acid have the same antibacterial mechanism, which is achieved by binding with thiol groups in the enzyme systems of fungi and yeast. However, it should be noted that it has no inhibitory effect on anaerobic Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria. Sorbic acid is a straight chain unsaturated fatty acid that can participate in normal metabolic processes in the human body and be assimilated to produce carbon dioxide and water. It is almost non-toxic to the human body and has higher safety compared to other preservatives such as benzoic acid. ​

三、广泛的应用领域​

3、 Widely applicable fields

食品行业：山梨酸钾堪称食品行业的首选防腐剂，具有广谱的抑菌效果。它在酸性环境下抑菌作用更强，属于酸性防腐剂，常配合有机酸使用，以此提高防腐反应效果。无论是肉、鱼、蛋、禽类制品，还是果蔬类，又或是饮料、果冻、软糖、糕点等，都能看到山梨酸钾的身影。例如，在饮料中添加山梨酸钾，可以有效延长饮料的保质期，让消费者在较长时间内都能享受到品质稳定的饮品；在果酱中，山梨酸钾能抑制霉菌和酵母菌的生长，防止果酱变质，保持其美味口感和良好质地。在食品生产过程中，山梨酸钾浓缩水溶液（山梨酸钾约 50% w/v）可添加到液体食品中，也可稀释后用于食品保存过程中的浸泡或喷雾处理。与同类产品相比，山梨酸钾更为高效，其活性相当于同等重量山梨酸的 74%。​

Food industry: Potassium sorbate is the preferred preservative in the food industry, with broad-spectrum antibacterial effects. It has a stronger antibacterial effect in acidic environments and belongs to acidic preservatives. It is often used in combination with organic acids to improve the anti-corrosion reaction effect. Whether it's meat, fish, eggs, poultry products, fruits and vegetables, beverages, jellies, gummies, pastries, etc., the presence of potassium sorbate can be seen. For example, adding potassium sorbate to beverages can effectively extend their shelf life, allowing consumers to enjoy stable quality drinks for a longer period of time; In jam, potassium sorbate can inhibit the growth of mold and yeast, prevent jam from spoiling, and maintain its delicious taste and good texture. In the process of food production, the concentrated aqueous solution of potassium sorbate (about 50% w/v of potassium sorbate) can be added to liquid food, or diluted and used for soaking or spray treatment during food preservation. Compared with similar products, potassium sorbate is more efficient, with an activity equivalent to 74% of the same weight of sorbic acid. ​

动物饲料领域：美国以及欧盟都认可山梨酸钾作为法定饲料添加剂用于动物饲料。在饲料中添加山梨酸钾，能够抑制霉菌生长，尤其是对抑制黄曲霉素的形成效果显著，从而避免饲料腐败变质。同时，它在动物肠道中还能起到抗微生物生长的作用。而且，山梨酸钾没有刺激性味道，不会引起动物味蕾不适，加之其作为不饱和脂肪酸，易于被动物消化，对动物没有不良影响。鉴于饲料在贮存、运输和销售过程中容易腐败变质，山梨酸钾在饲料工业中的应用市场极为广阔。​

In the field of animal feed, both the United States and the European Union recognize potassium sorbate as a legal feed additive for animal feed. Adding potassium sorbate to feed can inhibit the growth of fungi, especially the formation of aflatoxin, which has a significant effect on preventing feed spoilage. At the same time, it can also have an anti microbial growth effect in animal intestines. Moreover, potassium sorbate has no irritating taste and does not cause discomfort to animal taste buds. In addition, as an unsaturated fatty acid, it is easily digested by animals and has no adverse effects on them. Given that feed is prone to spoilage and deterioration during storage, transportation, and sales, the application market of potassium sorbate in the feed industry is extremely broad. ​

其他领域：除了食品和饲料行业，山梨酸钾在化妆品行业也被用作防腐剂，能够防止化妆品因微生物滋生而变质，延长化妆品的使用寿命。此外，在一些药品制剂中，山梨酸钾同样发挥着防腐作用，保障药品在有效期内的质量稳定。

Other fields: In addition to the food and feed industry, potassium sorbate is also used as a preservative in the cosmetics industry, which can prevent cosmetics from deteriorating due to microbial growth and extend their service life. In addition, in some pharmaceutical preparations, potassium sorbate also plays a preservative role, ensuring the quality stability of the drug during its expiration date.

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